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    Course description

    • REQUIREMENTS
      • Second year student with basic knowledge of Topographic Methods.
      • Basic knowledge of English is recommended.

       

      GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT

      Introduction to three-dimensional modelling, providing students with practical experience in data capture with 3D laser scanner equipment, including case-study methodology.

       

      OBJECTIVES: KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
      • Acquaintance with the fundamentals of 3D laser scanner measurement techniques.
      • Acquaintance with classification of 3D laser scanners.
      • Acquaintance with the different types of equipment available.
      • Acquiring skills in designing surveys with 3D laser scanners.
      • Acquiring basic skills in the use of data processing software.

       

      TEACHING METHOD

      The subject will be taught in the form of projects and case studies. Students will play an active role in data capture with laser scanners and elementary data processing of the point clouds obtained.

      The course will be run jointly with the ATHENS Program.

       

      TEST ACTIVITIES AND PRACTICAL TASKS

      Students will be expected to carry out a final exercise including a description of the methodology and the equipment used in their assigned tasks.

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    Syllabus

    • TOPIC 1. Introduction to 3D laser measuring.

      TOPIC 2. Types of sensors.

      TOPIC 3. Topographic methodology in 3D laser surveys.

      TOPIC 4. Distant capture techniques of geometric information by laser sweeps.

      1. Survey phase.
      2. Georeferencing and orientation of sweeps
      3. Cleaning and filtering point clouds

      TOPIC 5. 2D and 3D exploitation of data captures

      1. Point clouds
      2. 2-dimensional graphic raster models
      3. 2-dimensional graphic vector models
      4. Surface models
      5. Solid modelling
      6. Analysis of the geometries and deformations
      7. Animations and infographic simulations

      TOPIC 6. Analysis of information and of the results obtained

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    References

      • B-B-001. ALONSO RODRIGUEZ, Miguel; LOPEZ MAZO, Ana; FARJAS ABADÍA, Mercedes; AYORA BAENA, Francisco (2002: Levantamiento de la cúpula de la Basílica del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Aplicación experimental de la estación total de lectura directa. Topografía y Cartografía. Volumen XIX, Mayo-Junio 2002, pp 19-33. Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Técnicos en Topografía. Madrid.
      • B-B-002. Barber, Towards A Standard Specification For Terrestrial Laser Scanning In Cultural ISPRS( International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Estambul, 2004). Commission V, WG V/2.
      • B-B-003. Bravo Ribó, A. (Noviembre 2005: Topografía de Alta Definición-HDS aplicaciones y entregas leica tour'05.
      • B-B-004. Demir, Laser Scanning For Terrestrial Photogrammetry, Alternative System Or Combined With Traditional System?, ISPRS( International Society for hotogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Estambul, 2004). Commission V, WG V/2.
      • B-B-005. Demir (2004): Laser Scanning For Terrestrial Photogrammetry, Alternative System Or Combined With Traditional System?. Comisión V, WG V/2 ISPRS Estambul. ISPRS( International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing). Commission V, WG V/2.
      • B-B-006. Escarpa Sánchez-Garnica, F.J. (2006): “Los sistemas de medición 3D aplicados a patrimonio”.
      • B-B-007. Farjas, M. & García-Lázaro, F. J. (Eds.). Modelización Tridimensional y Sistemas Laser Escaner aplicados al Patrimonio Histórico. Madrid, Spain: La Ergástula, 2008.
      • B-B-008. Farjas, Mercedes. El registro en los objetos arqueológicos: Métrica y Divulgación. Madrid. Ed. Reyferr, 2007.
      • B-B-009. Farjas, M. Aulaweb Topografía II. Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Topográfica. UPM. 2006.
      • B-B-010. Farjas, M. y Sardiña, C. Novedades Técnicas: Presentación del equipo Cyrax 2500 de Leica Geosystem. Topografía y Cartografía. Volumen XX, Número 116, pp 70-71. Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Técnicos en Topografía. Madrid. 2003.
      • B-B-011. Farjas, Mercedes. Las Ciencias cartográficas en la arqueología: la búsqueda de la métrica en los modelos de divulgación científica. DATUM XXI 3 (2003): 4-12.
      • B-B-012. Kersten, Thomas; Sternberg, Harald, Mechelke Klaus. Investigaions into the accuracy behaviour of the terrestrial laser scanning system Mensi GS 100. Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques VII, Gruen/Kahmen (Eds.), Vienna 2005, Vol. I, pp 122-131.
      • B-B-013. Kersten, Thomas; Sternberg, Harald. Comparison of terrestrial laser scanning systems in industrial as-built-documentation applications. Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques VIII, Gruen/Kahmen (Eds.), Zurich, July 9-12, 2007, Vol. I, pp 389-397.
      • B-B-014. Kersten, Th.; Sternberg, H., Stiemer, E. First experiences with terrestrial laser scanning for indoor cultural heritage applications using two different scanning systems. IAPRS, Vol. XXXVI, Part 5/W8, Editors R. Reulke & U. Knauer, Proceedings of the ISPRS working group V/5 “Panoramic Photogrammetry Workshop”, Berlin, Germany, February 24-25, 2005.
      • B-B-015. Sternberg, Harald. Deformation measurements at historical buildings with the help of three-dimensional recording methods and two-dimensional surface evaluations. 3rd IAG /12 th FIG Symposium, Baden, May 22-24, 2006.
      • B-B-016. Sternberg, Harald. Deformation measurements at historical buildings with terrestrial laserscanners. IAPRS Volume XXXVI, Part 5, Commission V, WG V/3, Dresden 25-27 September 2006.

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    Lecture notes

    • 3D Modeling and Heritage

      By means of engineering technologies, the data acquisition could be done by different teams using topographic, photogrammetric and geodesic methods, in order to obtain 2D and 3D representations of objects, buildings and surfaces. We present the results obtained during the search for cartographic methods, which can assist in the interpretation and dissemination of knowledge regarding Archaeology and our Heritage. To investigate different methods of portraying monumental edifices, we made use of new data capturing equipment for which traditional photogrammetrical methodologies were compared, taking advantage of the least square adjustment capability provided by the independent grids. To investigate procedures for the treatment of cartographic data a study was undertaken, to develop a thematic cartography that combines the scientific results with a graphical presentation.

      • LN-F-001. Modelización y Patrimonio (PDF).
        Tecnologías de representación 3D en los procesos de documentación del Patrimonio Pétreo.

      Topographic Projects

      All topographic projects need proper georeferencing. Although the position of a point is usually given by three coordinates from a specific reference system, for the coordinates to be compatible with the official cartographies the system used must be permanently defined, i.e. the system origin and the axes of which it is formed must be fixed with sufficient precision for the required objectives.

      This document includes a brief description of the official reference systems at present in use in Spain.

      • LN-F-002. Proyectos Topográficos (PDF)
        Referenciación de Proyectos Topográficos.

       

      Cartography and 3D Modelling

      Before 3D laser scanners were introduced, registration systems relied on the traditional topographic methods to obtain cartographic representations of zones of interest. We give here a brief description of the first attempts to obtain support models for archaeological records.

      • LN-F-003. Cartography and 3D Modelling (PDF)

       

      Photogrammetry

      The aim of this document is to show the results of the digital photogrammetry methodology and its potential for application in 3D modeling in Archaeology. They are described the general possibilities of the digital photogrammetry methodology and the application of the 3D representation of three different sites in Jebel Buhais Archaeological Area, in the United Arab Emirates. It will show the data collection works of archaeological data in BHS 66, BH67 and the 5 Burial artefacts, in an attempt to create and define a general methodology with non metric camera images transferring the updated potential of photogrammetry into 3D modeling.

      • LN-F-004. Photogrammetry (PDF)
         Digital Photogrammetry: 3D Representation of Archaeological Sites.

       

      Previous 3D Modeling Methodologies

      The principal aim is the creation of tridimensional pattern of archaeological sites and their surroundings, while maintaining the accuracy afforded by traditional cartographic documents. Thereafter the more detailed data from the site is analysed, in an attempt to achieve sufficient quality of data that will allow the creation of maps at a scale of 1:100 of the surroundings, and 1:50 maps of the excavations. In-situ data representing the topography of the site and surroundings has been obtained, bi- and tridimensional “cartographic documents” have been developed from DTM and hyper-realistic virtual representations of the excavation.

      • LN-F-005. Previous 3D Modeling Methodologies (PDF)

       

      Artefacts 3D Modeling

      This report presents a methodology for creating a graphic representation of an artefact once the register and documentation of the object have been obtained. The location of the artefact was referenced from this point and the cartography of its surroundings obtained. The first step was to apply photogrammetric methodologies to obtain the metric definition, and afterwards, by means of techniques such as 3D scanning to customise software, and other products. The report will also discuss other proposed means of dissemination. It questions how easy it is nowadays to obtain data and demonstrates why interpretation needs to be integrated in the progress.

      • LN-F-006. Artefacts 3D Modeling (PDF)

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    Teaching materials

      • TM-F-001. New Technologies in old sciences: Mapping & Archaeology (PDF).
         Slides from Prof. Dr. Harald Sternberg.

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    Exercises and Projects

      • EP-F-001. Poster Project Sharjah (PDF)
        Oman Peninsula Projects.

       

      BASÍLICA DE CONÍMBRIGA

      • EP-F-002. Basílica de Conímbriga (Español) (PDF)
        Levantamiento de restos funerarios de le época medieval mediante sistema láser-escáner 3D a escala 1:200 y del yacimiento arqueológico de Conimbriga a escala 1:500.
      • EP-F-003. Basílica de Conímbriga (English) (PDF)
        Topographic survey of a funeral site of medieval time by means of laser scanner 3D in the scale 1:200 and of a archological area of Conimbriga in the scale 1:500.
      • EP-F-004. Basílica de Conímbriga (Français) (PDF)
        Levé d'un site funéraire de l'époque médiévale au moyen du laser scanner 3D à l'échelle 1:200 et du site archéologique de Conimbriga à l'échelle 1:500.

       

      CASTILLO DE ADRADA

      • EP-F-005. Castillo de Adrada (Español) (PDF)
        Levantamiento topográfico y generación del modelo tridimensional del “Castillo de la Adrada” y de sus alrededores. Elaboración de un documento multimedia del castillo.
      • EP-F-006. Castillo de Adrada (English) (PDF)
        Topographic survey and creation of a three-dimensional model of "Castillo de la Adrada" and its environment. Elaboration of a multimedia document on the castle.
      • EP-F-007. Castillo de Adrada (Français) (PDF)
        Levé topographique et génération d’un modèle tridimensionnel du “Castillo de la Adrada” et de son environnement. Elaboration d’un document multimédia sur le château.

       

      CASTILLO DE VILLAVELLID

      • EP-F-008. Poster del Castillo de Villavellid (JPEG)
        Levantamiento topográfico por medio de Láser escáner
      • EP-F-009. Castillo de Villavellid (Español) (PDF)
        Levantamiento topográfico del “Castillo de Villavellid” con métodos tradicionales y sistemas láser escáner 3D.
      • EP-F-010. Castillo de Villavellid (English) (PDF)
        Survey of "Castillo de Villavellid" realized with traditional techniques and with laser scann 3D system.
      • EP-F-011. Castillo de Villavellid (Français) (PDF)
        Levé topographique du “Castillo de Villavellid” réalisé avec les techniques traditionnelles et avec le système laser scanner 3D.

       

      CLAUSTRO DE SIGÜENZA

      • EP-F-012. Claustro de Sigüenza (Español) (PDF)
        Levantamiento topográfico del claustro de la catedral de Sigüenza a escala 1:200.
      • EP-F-013. Claustro de Sigüenza (English) (PDF)
        Topographic survey of the cloister of the cathedral of Sigüenza in the scale 1:200
      • EP-F-014. Claustro de Sigüenza (Français) (PDF)
        Levé topographique du cloître de la cathédrale de Sigüenza à l’échelle 1:200

       

      COVA GRAN

      • EP-F-015. Cova Gran (Español) (PDF).
        Proyecto e implantación de una red básica mediante GPS para dar cobertura al yacimiento del refugio paleolítico de Cova Gran. Obtención de cartografía y un MDT.
      • EP-F-016. Cova Gran (English) (PDF)
        Project of establishment of a basic network by means of a GPS to connect the paleolithic refuge of Cova Gran. Obtaining of a cartography and a digital terrain model of the place.
      • EP-F-017. Cova Gran (Français) (PDF)
        Projet d'implantation d'un réseau de base au moyen d'un GPS pour rattacher le refuge paléolithique de Cova Gran. Obtention d'une cartographie et d'un modèle digital de terrain du lieu.

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    Practices

    • 3D laser scanner survey of Pinilla del Valle archaeological site

      • PR-F-001. Seminario de Láser-Scanner (BMP).
      • PR-F-002. Seminario de Láser-Scan (GIF).

       

      3D laser scanner survey of Lago Metro Station

      • PR-F-003. Práctica (PDF).
        3D Scanning and Modeling
      • PR-F-004. Práctica (PDF).
        Experiencia de Modelización Tridimensional y Toma de Datos con Sistema Láser Escáner 3D.
      • PR-F-005. Práctica (PDF).
        Escáner del Metro de Lago.

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    Authors of material

    • ETSI Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía

      ETSI Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía
      Mercedes Farjas Abadía

      Catedrático de Escuela Universitaria

      		 Mercedes Farjas Abadía
      Harald Sternberg

      HafenCity Universität Hamburg          

      		 Harald Sternberg
      Carlos Acevedo

      HafenCity Universität Hamburg           

      		 Carlos Acevedo